History of Painting:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The history of painting reaches back in time to artifacts from pre-historic humans, and spans all cultures. It represents a continuous, though periodically disrupted tradition from Antiquity. Across cultures, and spanning continents and millennia, the history of painting is an ongoing river of creativity, that continues into the 21st century.[1] Until the early 20th century it relied primarily on representational, religious and classical motifs, after which time more purely abstract and conceptual approaches gained favor.
Developments in Eastern painting historically parallel those in Western painting, in general, a few centuries earlier.[2] African art, Jewish art, Islamic art, Indian art,[3] Chinese art, and Japanese art[4] each had significant influence on Western art, and, eventually, vice-versa.[5]
Initially serving utilitarian purpose, followed by imperial, private, civic, and religious patronage, Eastern and Western painting later found audiences in the aristocracy and the middle class. From the Modern era, the Middle Ages through the Renaissance painters worked for the church and a wealthy aristocracy.[6] Beginning with the Baroque era artists received private commissions from a more educated and prosperous middle class.[7] Finally in the west the idea of "art for art's sake"[8] began to find expression in the work of the Romanticpainters like Francisco de Goya, John Constable, and J.M.W. Turner.[9] During the 19th century the rise of the commercial art galleryprovided patronage in the 20th century.[10][11][12] Continued…… https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_painting#Indian_painting
Painting Periods:
|
Art Periods |
Characteristics |
Artists & their Works |
Historical Events |
|
Stone Age (30,000 b.c.–2500 b.c.) |
Cave painting, fertility goddesses, megalithic structures |
Lascaux Cave Painting, Woman of Willendorf, Stonehenge |
Ice Age ends (10,000 b.c.–8,000 b.c.); New Stone Age and first permanent settlements (8000 b.c.–2500 b.c.) |
|
Mesopotamian (3500 b.c.–539 b.c.) |
Warrior art and narration in stone relief |
Standard of Ur, Gate of Ishtar, Stele of Hammurabi's Code |
Sumerians invent writing (3400 b.c.); Hammurabi writes his law code (1780 b.c.); Abraham founds monotheism |
|
Egyptian (3100 b.c.–30 b.c.) |
Art with an afterlife focus: pyramids and tomb painting |
Imhotep, Step Pyramid, Great Pyramids, Bust of Nefertiti |
Narmer unites Upper/Lower Egypt (3100 b.c.); Rameses II battles the Hittites (1274 b.c.); Cleopatra dies (30 b.c.) |
|
Greek and Hellenistic (850 b.c.–31 b.c.) |
Greek idealism: balance, perfect proportions; architectural orders(Doric, Ionic, Corinthian) |
Parthenon, Myron, Phidias, Polykleitos, Praxiteles |
Athens defeats Persia at Marathon (490 b.c.); Peloponnesian Wars (431 b.c.–404 b.c.); Alexander the Great's conquests (336 b.c.–323 b.c.) |
|
Roman (500 b.c.– a.d. 476) |
Roman realism: practical and down to earth; the arch |
Augustus of Primaporta, Colosseum, Trajan's Column, Pantheon |
Julius Caesar assassinated (44 b.c.); Augustus proclaimed Emperor (27 b.c.); Diocletian splits Empire (a.d. 292); Rome falls (a.d. 476) |
|
Indian, Chinese, and Japanese(653 b.c.–a.d. 1900) |
Serene, meditative art, and Arts of the Floating World |
Gu Kaizhi, Li Cheng, Guo Xi, Hokusai, Hiroshige |
Birth of Buddha (563 b.c.); Silk Road opens (1st century b.c.); Buddhism spreads to China (1st–2nd centuries a.d.) and Japan (5th century a.d.) |
|
Byzantine and Islamic (a.d. 476–a.d.1453) |
Heavenly Byzantine mosaics; Islamic architecture and amazing maze-like design |
Hagia Sophia, Andrei Rublev, Mosque of Córdoba, the Alhambra |
Justinian partly restores Western Roman Empire (a.d. 533–a.d. 562); Iconoclasm Controversy (a.d. 726–a.d. 843); Birth of Islam (a.d. 610) and Muslim Conquests (a.d. 632–a.d. 732) |
|
Middle Ages (500–1400) |
Celtic art, Carolingian Renaissance, Romanesque, Gothic |
St. Sernin, Durham Cathedral, Notre Dame, Chartres, Cimabue, Duccio, Giotto |
Viking Raids (793–1066); Battle of Hastings (1066); Crusades I–IV (1095–1204); Black Death (1347–1351); Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) |
|
Early and High Renaissance (1400–1550) |
Rebirth of classical culture |
Ghiberti's Doors, Brunelleschi, Donatello, Botticelli, Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael |
Gutenberg invents movable type (1447); Turks conquer Constantinople (1453); Columbus lands in New World (1492); Martin Luther starts Reformation (1517) |
|
Venetian and Northern Renaissance (1430–1550) |
The Renaissance spreads north- ward to France, the Low Countries, Poland, Germany, and England |
Bellini, Giorgione, Titian, Dürer, Bruegel, Bosch, Jan van Eyck, Rogier van der Weyden |
Council of Trent and Counter-Reformation (1545–1563); Copernicus proves the Earth revolves around the Sun (1543 |
|
Mannerism (1527–1580) |
Art that breaks the rules; artifice over nature |
Tintoretto, El Greco, Pontormo, Bronzino, Cellini |
Magellan circumnavigates the globe (1520–1522) |
|
Baroque (1600–1750) |
Splendor and flourish for God; art as a weapon in the religious wars |
Reubens, Rembrandt, Caravaggio, Palace of Versailles |
Thirty Years' War between Catholics and Protestants (1618–1648) |
|
Neoclassical (1750–1850) |
Art that recaptures Greco-Roman grace and grandeur |
David, Ingres, Greuze, Canova |
Enlightenment (18th century); Industrial Revolution (1760–1850) |
|
Romanticism (1780–1850) |
The triumph of imagination and individuality |
Caspar Friedrich, Gericault, Delacroix, Turner, Benjamin West |
American Revolution (1775–1783); French Revolution (1789–1799); Napoleon crowned emperor of France (1803) |
|
Realism (1848–1900) |
Celebrating working class and peasants; en plein air rustic painting |
Corot, Courbet, Daumier, Millet |
European democratic revolutions of 1848 |
|
Impressionism (1865–1885) |
Capturing fleeting effects of natural light |
Monet, Manet, Renoir, Pissarro, Cassatt, Morisot, Degas |
Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871); Unification of Germany (1871) |
|
Post-Impressionism (1885–1910) |
A soft revolt against Impressionism |
Van Gogh, Gauguin, Cézanne, Seurat |
Belle Époque (late-19th-century Golden Age); Japan defeats Russia (1905) |
|
Fauvism and Expressionism (1900–1935) |
Harsh colors and flat surfaces (Fauvism); emotion distorting form |
Matisse, Kirchner, Kandinsky, Marc |
Boxer Rebellion in China (1900); World War (1914–1918) |
|
Cubism, Futurism, Supremativism, Constructivism, De Stijl (1905–1920) |
Pre– and Post–World War 1 art experiments: new forms to express modern life |
Picasso, Braque, Leger, Boccioni, Severini, Malevich |
Russian Revolution (1917); American women franchised (1920) |
|
Dada and Surrealism(1917–1950) |
Ridiculous art; painting dreamsand exploring the unconscious |
Duchamp, Dalí, Ernst, Magritte, de Chirico, Kahlo |
Disillusionment after World War I; The Great Depression (1929–1938); World War II (1939–1945) and Nazi horrors; atomic bombs dropped on Japan (1945) |
|
Abstract Expressionism (1940s–1950s) and Pop Art (1960s) |
Post–World War II: pure abstraction and expression without form; popular art absorbs consumerism |
Gorky, Pollock, de Kooning, Rothko, Warhol, Lichtenstein |
Cold War and Vietnam War (U.S. enters 1965); U.S.S.R. suppresses Hungarian revolt (1956) Czechoslovakian revolt (1968) |
|
Postmodernism and Deconstructivism (1970– ) |
Art without a center and reworking and mixing past styles |
Gerhard Richter, Cindy Sherman, Anselm Kiefer, Frank Gehry, Zaha Hadid |
Nuclear freeze movement; Cold War fizzles; Communism collapses in Eastern Europe and U.S.S.R. (1989–19 |
Painting Periods in Detail :
Painting Elements:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting#Elements
1. Intensity
4. Rhythm
Painting Media:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting#Painting_media
- Sketching https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sketch_(drawing)
- Oil
- Pastel
- Acrylic
- Watercolor
- Ink
- Hot wax
- Fresco
- Gouache
- Enamel
- Spray paint
- Tempera
- Water miscible oil paint
